Why the right never mentions far right terrorists?

Of the mote in my eye and the log in the blue kippers eye..or why the right never mentions far right terrorists

I wish I had £5 for every time some blue kipper tells me I never mention Islamic terrorists. . I always tell them I mention terrorism quite regularly however unlike many of them I notice the similarities between terrorists who are far right wing and those who claim to be Islamic. The difference is that unlike them I notice the wider picture and stress terrorism rather than the word Islamic. It very easy not to see patterns in a culture that you share. The blue kippers do not see their own as terrorists because they share the culture and to some limited extent the analysis of power. And of course they are white and not brown. We know that 40.000 people follow Far Right pages on Social Media and 2000 Jihadist pages.. The far right pages are taken down slowly and the Jihadist ones more quickly. It's all in perception and the far right threat is ignored and then we wonder why there are the Darren Osbourne of this world and many more unknown, unseen and ignored by the political right and the so called "free speech libertarians* ...
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They dont see that Anti-Muslim rhetoric by far right leaders like Tommy Robinson and Jayda Fransen “played a major role” in the radicalisation of Finsbury Park attacker Darren Osborne, a senior Met anti-terrorism police officer who said today.

"Osborne’s turn to the extreme right was “triggered” by a BBC docudrama on the Rochdale grooming scandal, then he was “sent into a spiral” by Anti-Muslim articles and videos he found online.
The killer appears to have been radicalised within the space of a month, from not being interested in politics to making openly Islamophobic racist remarks to anyone who would listen
In court, Commander Haydon said far-right groups are a “growing threat” in the UK and police are carefully monitoring material as it is posted online.

“I am concerned the material is out there on the internet, I’m concerned about the role the internet played in this particular case, and extreme right wing groups, they are an emerging threat”, he said.
Stopping short of labeling Robinson a “radicaliser”, he added: “There is material out there linked to some of the groups connected to him (Robinson) that quite clearly has been an influence in this case.
Darren Osborne found guilty after deliberately ploughing van into worshippers in Finsbury Park mosque attack

“We have to be alive to the fact people access this material and use it to self-radicalise.”
The trial heard Osborne had received messages from Robinson, the founder of the English Defence League, and Fransen, the deputy leader of Britain First, in the weeks before the attack on June 19 last year. They are believed to have been group missives rather than directed specifically at Osborne.
Pathway to extremism: what neo-Nazis and jihadis have in common
The case of Devon Arthurs, a former neo-Nazi who allegedly killed his friends for disrespecting

Islam, sheds light on the roots of extremism

Devon Arthurs told Tampa officers he had killed his friends because they disrespected his religion, police and court documents say.
When 18-year-old Devon Arthurs burst into a Florida smoke shop with a pistol and took customers and an employee hostage, he told them that he was upset about America bombing Muslim countries.
After Tampa police officers talked him into releasing his hostages and got him in handcuffs, Arthurs made references to “Allah Mohammed” and told the officers: “This wouldn’t have had to happen if your country didn’t bomb my country.

He said he had already killed several people.
Arthurs directed police to an apartment, where two men he described as his friends were found dead, both of them shot multiple times in the head and upper body. A third friend, Brandon Russell, was standing outside the apartment in army camouflage, weeping, according to court documents.
The path to radicalisation

Arthurs described to the police after his arrest last Friday was an unexpected one. Originally, he said, he and his three friends had all been neo-Nazis.
But at some stage, Arthurs had converted to Islam. According to police and court documents, he told officers that he killed his friends for disrespecting his new religion.
His behavior had a dual motivation, Arthurs explained, according to an affidavit from Tampa police: to raise awareness about anti-Muslim sentiment and “to take some of the neo-Nazis with him”.
Terrorists motivated by far-right extremism and by Islamist extremism share similar tactics, a similar brutality, and a similar desire to remake the global democratic order.
But they are usually considered enemies at opposite ends of the political spectrum. Far right terror attacks in Europe have been motivated by opposition to Muslim immigration.
How a neo-Nazi turned Islamist flipped terror narratives upside down
But Arthur’s switch in allegiance raises a key question for analysts looking at the process of radicalisation: to what extent the factors that attract people to extremism are specific to a particular ideology at all.



At least two neo-Nazi sites denounced the murders, mourned the victims, and described Arthurs as a former commenter who had eventually been banned for his comments about Islam and terrorism. Both sites described the murders as “a Muslim terror plot” against a neo-Nazi group.
However, officials at the FBI and at the UK’s domestic intelligence agency, MI5, say little distinguishes the “pathways to violence” taken by extremists following different ideologies. One UK official said “the mechanics of radicalisation” were broadly similar in all cases.
“Our studies on both jihadis and rightwingers, and also school shooters and such like, found very little difference in terms of … pathways. It’s like when your immune system is down. You can guess you’ll get sick, but what sickness you contract depends on what you are exposed to,” said Paul Gill, an expert in extremism at the University College London.
Though it is almost impossible to create a typical terrorist profile, some research shows that “seekers” who are looking for a particular form of “brotherhood” or cause that can give their lives meaning are particularly prone to radicalisation.

There is also evidence that a sudden destabilising event – or even a minor incident that has a powerful emotional impact – can make an individual vulnerable.
But ideology can be secondary to a “propensity to violence"
“This guy [Arthur] has only changed the T-shirt [of] what his violence is about,” Gill said.
Arthurs also accused Russell, his surviving friend and a member of the army national guard, of visiting online neo-Nazi chat rooms, where he discussed killing people and bombing infrastructure, according to an FBI complaint.

Russell confirmed to police that he had neo-Nazi beliefs and said he was part of a group called AtomWaffen, according to the FBI complaint against him. But he said the explosive materials in his apartment had been used for a university engineering club, according to the complaint.
AtomWaffen, according to a thread on the online fascist forum Iron March 2017 , claimed about 40 members across the country, and had gained publicity in the past year for posting racist and neo-Nazi recruitment posters on university campuses – a tactic common in recent months among several American extremist youth groups, including Identity Evropa and Vanguard America.
Recently , Iron March posted a statement mourning Arthurs’ alleged victims, Jeremy Himmelman, 22, and Andrew Oneschuk, 18, and offering support for Russell, who they said was being unfairly targeted by law enforcement and the media.

They described the attack as a “Muslim terror plot” and said Arthurs’ three friends were “completely innocent of any accusation that the group conducted or advocated, or planned for terrorist acts”.
Alyssa Himmelman, the sister of Jeremy, told the Associated Press her brother had been staying with a neo-Nazi because he needed a cheap place to live, not because he shared those beliefs.
Russell’s lawyer Ian Goldstein declined to answer specific questions about the case, but in an email said: “There is a large amount of misinformation being circulated about my client right now.”
Although neo-Nazis and Islamist militants may follow similar paths to extremism, studies have revealed significant differences in their behavior once radicalised.
Recent research has showed Islamic militant attackers are more likely to tell friends or family or other associates about their plans of violence: 71% of jihadis “leak” such information, compared with 53% of rightwing extremists.

Experts said that while there were obvious ideological elements that both neo-Nazi and radical Islamic extremism shared – such as a virulent antisemitism – there were also clear differences.
“If you are looking at racist extremists and religious extremists, one thing that is striking is that religions allow entry and exit from the group – through conversion or apostasy – but you can’t change what the extremists consider as your ‘race’. They offer competing absolute visions,” said JM Berger, author of Jihad Joe, a study of Islamic extremists in America. Berger has also studied rightwing militancy.

“If someone has a profound identity crisis, you can see how they might not find the certainty they are looking for with neo-Nazism and look to the Islamic State for something even more absolute,” Berger said.

Such cases are rare, but they do occur. Joseph Jeffrey Brice once idolized Timothy McVeigh – who killed 168 people with a truck bomb in Oklahoma City in 1995 and was “a self-declared, conservative, rightwing Christian”– but became interested in radical Islamic extremism after a homemade bomb nearly killed him in 2010.
He was later jailed for terrorist offences including sending detailed instructions for “open source” bombmaking to an undercover FBI agent who he thought was an Islamic militant.
Recently a 26-year-old suspected Islamic militant was arrested in Germany on suspicion of planning a terrorist act, storing “items and chemicals” for manufacturing explosives and spreading Isis propaganda online.

Local media reported that “Sascha L” supported a neo-Nazi group, called Muslims “cockroaches” and posted videos calling for attacks on immigrants in Germany before his conversion to Islam some time in 2014.

A disproportionately high number of militants involved in plots in the west have been converts. In the UK between 2001 and 2013, 12% of “homegrown jihadis” were converts, but less than 4% of the overall Muslim population were. Meanwhile, as many as 41% of US-born alleged militants are converts, while just 23% of the Muslim population as a whole are converts.
“With lone actors, they tend to jump around,” said Gill. “They are often looking for something to give their lives meaning. Many are converts [who are] looking for identity and answers.”

Right-wing terrorism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Terrorism
Definitions History Incidents
By ideology[show]
Structure[show]
Methods Tactics [show]
Terrorist groups[show]
Adherents[show]
Response to terrorism[show]
v t e

Right-wing terrorism is terrorism motivated by a variety of ideologies and beliefs, including anti-communism, neo-fascism and neo-Nazism, and a mindset against abortion. This type of terrorism has been sporadic, with little or no international cooperation.^[1] Modern radical right-wing terrorism first appeared in Western Europe in the 1970s and it first appeared in Eastern Europe following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.^[2]
Right-wing terrorists aim to overthrow governments and replace them with nationalist or fascist-oriented regimes.^[1] The core of this movement includes neo-fascist skinheads, far-right hooligans, youth sympathisers and intellectual guides who believe that the state must rid itself of foreign elements in order to protect its rightful citizens.^[3] However, they usually lack a rigid ideology.^[4]


Causes

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Armin Falk and colleagues suggests that Right-Wing Extremist Crime (REC), which includes anti-foreigner and racist motivations, is associated with unemployment rates (261). Consequently, as unemployment rates increase, REC also increases. This correlation can be found in several countries including Germany, United States, and the United Kingdom. Additionally, this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with individuals, rather unemployment impacts society's humanitarian values of tolerance and altruism. Meaning, as unemployment rates increase, humanitarian values of tolerance and altruism decrease according to Falk. This cause of right-wing terrorism can be associated with a functionalist perspective on employment. Ferrante defines a functionalist approach as "how the parts of society contribute in expected and unexpected way of maintain an existing social order" (26). Work and employment serve several functions for society (University of Minnesota 12.2). The University of Minnesota Library suggests that employment provides workers with an income and also contributes to their self-identity and fulfillment (12.2). When employment is low, this leads to a perceived threat towards self-identity and fulfillment which can then lead to a larger possibility for right-wing terrorism to occur.
A second cause of right-wing terrorism as Thomas Greven suggests, is populism, or more accurately, right-wing populism. Jan-Werner Muller describes populism as a form of identity politics that is inherently anti-establishment and anti-pluralist (3). More simply put, populism supports the advancement of 'the average citizen', and it does not support the agendas of the privileged elite. Furthermore, Greven defines right-wing populist as those who support ethnocentrism, and oppose immigration (3). Right-wing populist policies that have recently been covered in the media include the Executive Order 13769, which is the travel ban from Muslim-majority countries to the United States, and the Immigration policy of Donald Trump which proposes that a wall should be built between the United States and Mexico in order to prevent illegal immigrants from coming to the United States. Greven suggests that immigration policy not only threatens economic competition, but also threatens traditional values and identities (5). Due to the ethnocentric motivations behind these policies, they are classified as right-wing populism. Because right-wing populism creates a climate of 'us versus them', terrorism is more likely to occur according to Greven. This cause of right-wing terrorism can be associated with a conflict perspective. Ferrante explains the conflict perspective as a focus on conflict regarding scarce resources and the strategies advantaged groups used to perpetuate social agreement arrangements from which they benefit (30). When people feel as though their traditional values are being threatened by the social elite who contribute to the rise in immigration, conflict ensues, and terrorism follows.


Africa

South Africa

In 1993 Chris Hani, the General Secretary of the South African Communist Party was murdered by Polish-born far-right anti-Communist Janusz Waluś who had been lent a firearm by far-right pro-Apartheid MP Clive Derby-Lewis. The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, a neo-Nazi paramilitary organisation has often been described as terrorist. In 2010 South African authorities foiled a plot by far-right terrorists to commit attacks as revenge for the murder of Eugène Terre'Blanche, seizing explosives and firearms.^[5]


Americas

Brazil

During Brazil's military government, some right-wing military engaged in violent repression. The Riocentro 1981 May Day Attack was a bombing attempt that happened on the night of April 30, 1981. Severe casualties were suffered by the terrorists. While an NGO held a fundraiser fighting for democracy and free elections and celebrating the upcoming holiday, a bomb exploded at Riocentro parking area killing army seargent Guilherme Pereira do Rosário and severely wounding captain Wilson Dias Machado, who survived the bomb explosion. The bomb exploded inside a car where both were preparing it. Rosário died instantaneously. They were the only casualties.
The Para-SAR example^[6][7] was revealed by Brazilian Air Force captain Sérgio Ribeiro Miranda de Carvalho in 1968 before it reached the execution phase as it was made public to the press after a meeting with his superior Brigadier General João Paulo Burnier and chief of Para-SAR unity. Burnier discussed a secret plan to bomb a dense traffic area of Rio de Janeiro known as "Gasômetro" during commute and later claim that Communists were the perpretrators. He expected to be able to run a witch-hunt against the growing political military opposition. Burnier also mentioned his intentions on making the Para-SAR, a Brazilian Air Force rescue unity, a tool for eliminating some military government political oppositors throwing them to the sea at a wide distance of the coast. On both of these events, no military involved on these actions or planning was arrested, charged or faced retaliation from the Brazilian military government. The only exception is captain Sérgio de Carvalho which had to leave the air force for facing his superiors retaliation after whistleblowing brigadier Burnier's plan.


Colombia

Colombian paramilitary groups were responsible for most of the human rights violations in the latter half of the ongoing Colombian conflict.^[8] The first paramilitary terrorist^[9] groups were organized by U.S. military advisers who were sent during the Cold War to combat the spread of leftist politicians, activists and guerrillas.^[10][11]
According to several international human rights and governmental organizations, right-wing paramilitary groups were responsible for at least 70 to 80% of political murders in Colombia per year.^[8][12]
This groups were financed and protected by elite landowners, drug traffickers, members of the security forces, right wing politicians and multinational corporations.^{[13][14][15][16]}
Paramilitary violence and terrorism there was principally targeted towards peasants, unionists, indigenous people, human rights workers, teachers and left-wing political activists or their supporters.^{[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]}


Nicaragua

The Contras were a right wing militant group, backed by the United States, that fought against the Sandinista National Liberation Front in Nicaragua. They were responsible for numerous human rights violations and carried out over 1300 terrorist attacks.^[24][25]


United States

See also: Domestic terrorism in the United States

Reconstruction era

The term "white terrorism" is used by scholars to label terrorism committed against African Americans during the Reconstruction era.^[26][27]


Pre-2001

According to George Michael, "right-wing terrorism and violence has a long history in America".^[28] Right-wing violent incidents began to outnumber Marxist incidents in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s.^[29]:29 Michael observes the waning of left-wing terrorism accompanying the rise of right-wing terrorism, with a noticeable "convergence" of the goals of militant Islam with those of the extreme right. Islamic studies scholar Youssef M. Choueiri classified Islamic fundamentalist movements involving revivalism, reformism, and radicalism as within the scope of "right-wing politics".^[30]:9
During the 1980s, more than 75 right-wing extremists were prosecuted in the United States for acts of terrorism, carrying out six attacks.^[31] In 1983, Gordon Kahl, a Posse Comitatus activist, killed two federal marshals and he was later killed by police. Also that year, the white nationalist revolutionary group The Order (also known as the Brüder Schweigen or the Silent Brotherhood) robbed banks and armored cars, as well as a sex shop,^[32] bombed a theater and a synagogue and murdered radio talk show host Alan Berg.^[33][34]
The April 19, 1995 attack on the Murrah federal building in Oklahoma by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols killed 168 people and it was the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in the history of the United States.^[35] McVeigh stated that it was committed in retaliation for the government's actions at Ruby Ridge and Waco.^[36]
Eric Rudolph executed a series of terrorist attacks between 1996 and 1998. He carried out the 1996 Centennial Olympic Park bombing—which claimed two lives and injured 111—aiming to cancel the games, claiming they promoted global socialism and to embarrass the U.S. government.^[37] Rudolph confessed to bombing an abortion clinic in Sandy Springs, an Atlanta suburb, on January 16, 1997, the Otherside Lounge, an Atlanta lesbian bar, on February 21, 1997, injuring five and an abortion clinic in Birmingham, Alabama on January 29, 1998, killing Birmingham police officer and part-time clinic security guard Robert Sanderson and critically injuring nurse Emily Lyons.


Post-2001

As of June 2015, right-wing attacks since the September 11 attacks (9/11) had claimed more lives (48) than attacks committed by jihadists (26).^[38] Thereafter, jihadist terrorist attacks (the 2015 San Bernardino attack and the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting) raised the Islamic extremist death toll above that caused by right-wing extremists. As of January 2018, the New America Foundation placed the number killed in terrorist attacks in the United States (since 9/11) as follows: 103 killed in jihadist terrorist attacks, 69 killed in far-right attacks, and 8 killed in black separatist/nationalist/supremacist attacks.^[39] The politically conservative Daily Caller News Foundation using data from the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), found 92% of all "ideologically motivated homicide incidents" committed in the United States from 2007 to 2016 were motivated by right-wing extremism or white supremacism.^[40] According to the Government Accountability Office of the United States, 73% of violent extremist incidents that resulted in deaths since September 12, 2001 were caused by right-wing extremist groups.^[41][42]
New America's tally shows that since September 11, 2001, incidents of right-wing terrorism have caused 68 deaths. Incidents causing death were:^[39]


Year	Occurrence	Location	Victims Wounded*	Victims Killed*
2017	University of Maryland stabbing	College Park, Maryland	0	1
2017	Car-ramming attack into counter-protestors at a white nationalist rally	Charlottesville, Virginia	19	1
2017	Portland train attack	Portland, Oregon	1	2
2017	Stabbing of Timothy Caughman	New York City	0	1
2015	Shooting at a showing of the film Trainwreck	Lafayette, Louisiana	9	2
2015	Planned Parenthood shooting	Colorado Springs, Colorado	9	3
2015	Shooting attack on worshippers at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church	Charleston, South Carolina		9
2014	Attack on Pennsylvania State Police barracks	Blooming Grove, Pennsylvania	1	1
2014	Ambush attack on Las Vegas police officers	Las Vegas, Nevada		3
2014	Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting	Overland Park, Kansas		3
2013	Los Angeles International Airport shooting attack on TSA officer	Los Angeles, California	6	1
2013	Double murder committed by Jeremy Lee Moody and Christine Moody	Jonesville, South Carolina	0	2
2012	Ambush attack against St. John the Baptist Parish police	St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana	2	2
2012	Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting	Oak Creek, Wisconsin	4	6
2012	Tri-state killing spree by white supremacists David Pedersen and Holly Grigsby	Multiple		4
2011	FEAR group attacks	Georgia		3
2010	Murder committed by Aryan Brotherhood members	Mississippi	0	1
2010	Shooting at bookstore cafe perpetrated by Ross William Muehlberger	Wichita Falls, Texas	4	1
2010	Murder at gun range	Carlisle, Pennsylvania	0	1
2010	Suicide attack by airplane	Austin, Texas	0	1
2009	Murder of sex offender by white supremacists	North Palm Springs, California	0	1
2009	Murder committed by Charles Francis Gaskins	Carmichael, California	0	1
2009	United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting	Washington, D.C.	1	1
2009	Assassination of George Tiller	Wichita, Kansas	1	1
2009	Murders of Raul and Brisenia Flores	Brockton, Massachusetts	1	2
2009	Shooting of Pittsburgh police officers	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	2	3
2009	Double murder	Brockton, Massachusetts	1	2
2009	Woodburn bank bombing	Woodburn, Oregon	2	2
2008	Knoxville Unitarian Universalist church shooting	Knoxville, Tennessee	8	2
2007	Murder of homeless man by Aryan Soldiers		0	1
2006	Murder committed by John Ditullio		1	1
2004	Bank robbery	Tulsa, Oklahoma	0	1
2003	Torture, abduction and murder	Salinas, California	0	1
2001	Post-September 11 shootings	Multiple	1	2

* Count of "victims killed" and "victims wounded" excludes attackers.


Europe

France

Neo-Nazi members of the French and European Nationalist Party were responsible for a pair of anti-Muslim terror bombings in 1988. Sonacotra hostels in Cagnes-sur-Mer and Cannes were bombed, killing Romanian immigrant George Iordachescu and injuring 16 people, mostly Tunisians.
In an attempt to frame Jewish extremists for the Cagnes-sur-Mer bombing, the terrorists left leaflets bearing Stars of David and the name Masada at the scene, with the message "To destroy Israel, Islam has chosen the sword. For this choice, Islam will perish."^[43]
In 2015, in the aftermath of the Charlie Hebdo shooting, six mosques and a restaurant were attacked in acts deemed as right-wing terrorism by authorities.^[44] The acts included grenade throwing, shooting, and use of an improvised explosive device.


Germany

See also: Far-right politics in Germany and Terrorism in Germany
In 1980, a right-wing terrorist attack in Munich, Germany killed the attacker and 14 other people, injuring 215. Fears of an ongoing campaign of major right-wing terrorist attacks did not materialize.^[1]
In addition to several bank robberies, the German National Socialist Underground was responsible for the Bosphorus serial murders (2000–2006), the 2004 Cologne bombing and the murder of policewoman Michéle Kiesewetter in 2007. In November 2011, two members of the National Socialist Underground committed suicide after a bank robbery and a third member was arrested some days later.
Right-wing extremist offenses in Germany rose sharply in 2015 and 2016.^[45] Figures from the German government tallied 316 violent xenophobic offences in 2014 and 612 such offenses in 2015.^[45]
In August 2014, a group of four Germans founded a Munich-based far-right terrorist group, the Oldschool Society (de). The group, which held racist, antisemitic, and anti-Muslim views, eventually attracted 30 members.^[46] They stockpiled weapons and explosives and plotted to attack a refugee shelter in Saxony,^[46] but the group's leaders were arrested in May 2015 before carrying out the attack.^[47] In March 2017 four of the group's leaders were sentenced to prison terms.^[46] The perpetrator of the 2016 Munich shooting also had far-right views.


Italy

In the 1970s and 1980s, Italy endured the Years of Lead, a period characterized by frequent terrorist attacks from both the far-left and the far-right. between 1969 and 1982, the nation suffered 8,800 terrorist attacks, in which a total of 351 people were killed and 768 were injured.^[48] Right-wing terrorism was dominant in Italy from 1969 to 1974, while left-wing terrorism was dominant in the late 1970s.^[48] The Years of Lead are considered to have begun with the Piazza Fontana bombing in Milan in December 1969,^[48] perpetrated by Ordine Nuovo, a right-wing neofascist group.^[49] Sixteen people were killed, and 90 injured, in the bombing.^[49]
Ordine Nuovo continued its campaign of terror until the mid-1980s. In July 1970, the group carried out a bombing on a train going from Rome to Messina, killing six and wounding almost 100. The group also carried out the Piazza della Loggia bombing in 1974, killing eight antifascist activists.^[49] Perhaps the most infamous right-wing terrorist attack in post-war Italy is the August 1980 Bologna bombing, in which neo-fascist Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari ("Armed Revolutionary Nuclei"), an Ordine Nuovo offshoot, killed 85 people and injured 200 at the Bologna railroad station.^[49][50] Valerio Fioravanti, Francesca Mambro, and two others were convicted of mass murder in the attacks,^[50] although both have always denied any connection with the attacks.^[51][52]
In December 2011, a far-right gunman targeted Senegalese traders in Florence, killing two and injuring three others before killing himself.^[53][54] The perpetrator was associated with CasaPound,^[53][54] a neo-fascist organization that perpetrates political violence.^[54][55]


Norway

On July 22, 2011, Norwegian right-wing extremist with Nazi^[56][57] and fascist^[58] sympathies, Anders Behring Breivik, carried out the 2011 Norway attacks, the largest mass killing of people in Norway by a single person during peacetime, excluding use of bombs. First he bombed several government buildings in Oslo, killing eight people and injuring more than 30. After the bombings, he went to Utøya island in a fake police uniform and began firing on people attending a political youth camp for the Worker's Youth League (AUF), a left-wing political party, killing 68 and injuring more than 60.


Poland

See also: Far-right politics in Poland
Despite the country being nearly ethnically and religiously homogenous, Polish far-right targets, via propaganda or physical violence, religious and ethnic minorities such as Jews, Romani people, people with darker complexion or Middle Eastern appearance. In 1991, an anti-Romani pogrom broke out in Mława. During the UEFA Euro 2012, Polish hooligans targeted random Russian football supporters. There have been reports of hate crimes targeting Muslim minority in Poland. Far-right and right-wing populist political parties and organizations fuel fear and hatred towards Islam and Muslims.^[59] Hate crimes such as arson and physical violence have occurred in Poland (despite having a Muslim population of only 0.1%, that is 30,000 out of 38 million).^[60][61] In 2016, police arrested a man who they say tried to burn down a mosque in Gdansk.^[44] The man belonged to the neo-nazi group called Blood & Honour.


Sweden

Both the 2009–10 Malmö shootings and the Trollhättan school attack were conducted by right-wing terrorists along with a refugee centre bombing in 2017. A notable serial killer motivated by far-right motives is John Ausonius.^[62]


United Kingdom

In April 1999, David Copeland, a neo-Nazi, planted a series of nail bombs over 13 days, causing explosions in Brixton, Brick Lane (in east London), and Soho (in central London). His attacks, which were aimed at London's black, Bangladeshi and gay communities, resulted in three dead and more than 100 injured.^[63] Copeland was a former member of two far right political groups, the British National Party (BNP) and the National Socialist Movement. Copeland told police, "My aim was political. It was to cause a racial war in this country. There'd be a backlash from the ethnic minorities, then all the white people will go out and vote BNP."^[64]
In July 2007, Robert Cottage, a former BNP member, was convicted for possessing explosive chemicals in his home – described by police at the time of his arrest as the largest amount of chemical explosive of its type ever found in that country.^[65] In June 2008, Martyn Gilleard, a British Nazi sympathizer, was jailed after police found nail bombs, bullets, swords, axes and knives in his flat.^[66] Also in 2008, Nathan Worrell was found guilty of possession of material for terrorist purposes and racially aggravated harassment. He was described by anti-terror police as a "dangerous individual". The court heard that police found books and manuals containing "recipes" to make bombs and detonators using household items, such as weedkiller, at Worrell's flat.^[67] In July 2009, Neil Lewington was planning on waging a terror campaign using weapons made from tennis balls and weedkiller against those he classified as "non British".^[68]
In 2012, the British Home Affairs Committee warned of the threat of far right terrorism in the UK, claiming it had heard "persuasive evidence" about the potential danger and cited the growth of similar threats across Europe.^[69]
Members of Combat 18 (C18), a neo-Nazi organisation based on the concept of "leaderless resistance", have been suspected in numerous deaths of immigrants, non-whites and other C18 members.^[70] Between 1998 and 2000, dozens of members were arrested.^[71][72] A group calling itself the Racial Volunteer Force split from C18 in 2002, retaining close links to its parent organization.^[73] Some journalists believed that the White Wolves were a C18 splinter group, alleging that the group had been set up by Del O'Connor, the former second-in-command of C18 and member of Skrewdriver Security.^[74] C18 attacks on immigrants continued through 2009.^[75] Weapons, ammunition and explosives were seized by police in the UK and almost every country in which C18 was active.
In 2016, Jo Cox, the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Batley and Spen constituency was murdered by Thomas Mair, who was motivated by far-right political views and had connections to several far-right organisations in the UK, US, and South Africa.^[76]
On 16 December 2016 Home Secretary Amber Rudd designated the far-right, neo-Nazi National Action group as a terrorist organisation which criminalises membership or support for the organisation.^[77]


Northern Ireland

British far-right activists supplied funds and weaponry to Loyalist terrorist groups in Northern Ireland during the Troubles.^[78] Following the Good Friday Agreement some members of Loyalist groups orchestrated racist attacks in Northern Ireland,^[79][80][81] including pipe bomb and gun attacks on the homes of immigrants.^{[82][83][84][85][86]} As a result, Northern Ireland has a higher proportion of racist attacks than other parts of the UK,^[81][87] and was branded the "race-hate capital of Europe".^[88]


Oceania

Australia

In August 2016 Phillip Galea was charged with several terrorist offences. Galea had conducted "surveillance" of "left-wing premises" and planned to carry out bombings. Explosive ingredients were found at his home. Galea had links with organisations such as Combat 18 and the United Patriots Front.^[89] In 2017 the Sydney Morning Herald reported on the conviction of neo-Nazi Michael James Holt, 26 who had threatened to carry out a mass shooting attack and considered Westfield Tuggerah as a target. He had manufactured home-made guns, knuckle dusters and slingshots in his grandfather's garage. Raids on his mothers home and a hotel room discovered more weapons including several firearms, slingshots and knuckle dusters.^[90]


Notes

1. 
   
• Aubrey 2004, p. 45.
• 
  
• Moghadam & Eubank 2006, p. 57.
• 
  
• Moghadam & Eubank 2006, pp. 57-58.
• 
  
• Moghadam & Eubank 2006, p. 58.
• 
  
• Smith, David (7 May 2010). "South African police foil white extremist bomb plot" – via The Guardian.
• 
  
• "Brasileiros magazine".
• 
  
• "Fatos magazine" (PDF). June 1, 1985.
• 
  
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References

Further reading

• Atkins, Stephen E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32485-7.
• Aubrey, Stefan M. (2004). The New Dimension of International Terrorism. vdf Hochschulverlag AG. ISBN 978-3-7281-2949-9.
• Goldwag, Arthur (2012). The New Hate: A History of Fear and Loathing on the Populist Right. Pantheon Books. OCLC 724650284
• Jones, Mark; Johnstone, Peter (11 July 2011). History of Criminal Justice. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4377-3497-3.
• Livingstone, Grace (2003). Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy and War. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3443-5.
• Mahan, Sue; Griset, Pamala L. (2008). Terrorism in Perspective. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-5015-2.
• Marks, Kathy (1996). Faces of Right Wing Extremism. Branden Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8283-2016-0.
• Martin, Gus (17 January 2012). Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4522-0582-3.
• Michael, George (2 September 2003). Confronting Right Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-37761-4.
• Michael, George. 2010. The Enemy of My Enemy: The Alarming Convergence of Militant Islam and the Extreme Right. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-700-61444-3. OCLC 62593627
• Moghadam, Assaf; Eubank, William Lee (2006). The Roots of Terrorism. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 0-7910-8307-1.
• Smith, Brent L. (25 January 1994). Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1760-7.