"Oh,
Sonichka, I had such a pang recently ... The soldier ... belaboured
the poor [buffaloes] so savagely with the butt end of his whip ...
the beasts, which were utterly exhausted, stood perfectly still. The
one that was bleeding had an expression on its black face and in its
soft black eyes like that of a weeping child ... I stood in front of
the team: the beast looked at me, the tears welled from my own eyes
... The suffering of a dearly beloved brother could hardly have moved
me more profoundly, than I was moved in my impotence in the face of
this mute agony." (Rosa Luxemburg, "Letters from Prison,"
translated from the German by Eden and Cedar Paul, Berlin, 1923 )
"In
relation to [animals], all people are Nazis; for the animals, it is
an eternal Treblinka." Isaac Bashevis Singer
"Socialism"
is a controverted term. It's one that some people run toward
and others run away from. So how do you decide whether the
NSDAP/ Nazi party was "socialist" when there's no
universally agreed upon definition. One reasonable course, it
seems to me, is to ask what governments that call themselves
socialist look like, and then ask whether Hitlerian Germany looked
anything like them.
The two main wings of the socialist movement come out of the split among socialists occasioned by the Russian Revolution. The pro-Bolsheviks and the anti-Bolsheviks alike continued to call themselves "socialists", although the former also called themselves "communists." (It was the USSR, not the USCR, after all).
Ruling parties from the Bolshevik tendency defined the sine qua non of socialism as state control of the forces of production, typically guided through state command, although in some cases (Hungary and Yugoslavia, for example) markets also played a role.
Socialist parties that broke with the Bolsheviks continued in some cases to proclaim their commitment to collective ownership or control of the forces of production for decades. (See, for example, the British Labour Party's Clause IV, which wasn't voted down until the 1990s). In practice, though, all of these parties made their peace with capitalism, settling for a regulated version of capitalism with extensive social welfare provision and close identification with the labor movement.
Now, what about Hitler's Germany? You certainly did not find state ownership of the forces of production. Those remained in private hands (including foreign corporations like Ford, GM, and IBM). Far from close identification with the labor movement, you found harsh repression of labor unions. Social welfare provision did not advance markedly beyond that which dated back to Bismarckian Germany. And while there was state regulation of capitalism, it was the kind of wartime mobilization of capital that is found in all sorts of regimes. Too, one must remember that the first inmates of the first concentration camp, Dachau, were members of Germany's leading socialist parties, the SPD and the KPD.
In sum, there is no good reason to regard the NSDAP's use of the terms"socialist" or "worker's party", or the anti-capitalist tone of some of the party's pronouncements, as anything other than cynically propagandistic. If it doesn't walk like a duck, quack like a duck, swim like a duck, or fly like a duck, then calling it a duck doesn't make it a duck.
The two main wings of the socialist movement come out of the split among socialists occasioned by the Russian Revolution. The pro-Bolsheviks and the anti-Bolsheviks alike continued to call themselves "socialists", although the former also called themselves "communists." (It was the USSR, not the USCR, after all).
Ruling parties from the Bolshevik tendency defined the sine qua non of socialism as state control of the forces of production, typically guided through state command, although in some cases (Hungary and Yugoslavia, for example) markets also played a role.
Socialist parties that broke with the Bolsheviks continued in some cases to proclaim their commitment to collective ownership or control of the forces of production for decades. (See, for example, the British Labour Party's Clause IV, which wasn't voted down until the 1990s). In practice, though, all of these parties made their peace with capitalism, settling for a regulated version of capitalism with extensive social welfare provision and close identification with the labor movement.
Now, what about Hitler's Germany? You certainly did not find state ownership of the forces of production. Those remained in private hands (including foreign corporations like Ford, GM, and IBM). Far from close identification with the labor movement, you found harsh repression of labor unions. Social welfare provision did not advance markedly beyond that which dated back to Bismarckian Germany. And while there was state regulation of capitalism, it was the kind of wartime mobilization of capital that is found in all sorts of regimes. Too, one must remember that the first inmates of the first concentration camp, Dachau, were members of Germany's leading socialist parties, the SPD and the KPD.
In sum, there is no good reason to regard the NSDAP's use of the terms"socialist" or "worker's party", or the anti-capitalist tone of some of the party's pronouncements, as anything other than cynically propagandistic. If it doesn't walk like a duck, quack like a duck, swim like a duck, or fly like a duck, then calling it a duck doesn't make it a duck.
Before
we see the evidence that Hitler wasn't a vegetarian, it's important
to look at where the argument that he was comes
from, because it's an argument that's rarely made honestly. People
who insist that Hitler was a vegetarian usually just "heard it"
somewhere, and immediately assumed it was true. And yet, if you tell
them that Hitler wasn't actually a vegetarian, these same people who
instantly believed in Hitler's vegetarianism without
question, will suddenly demand all manner of proof that he
was not.
Why
do they require such a high standard of evidence that Hitler was not
a vegetarian, when they require no evidence at all that
he was? Apparently many
people want to believe that Hitler was a vegetarian.
Perhaps they're threatened by vegetarianism because it implies that
they're doing something wrong. But armed with the (mistaken)
idea that the infamous Hitler himself was a veggie, that allows them
to easily dismiss the whole concept of vegetarianism in one fell
swoop. "Hitler was a vegetarian, therefore vegetarianism
itself must be flawed!" Of course, that's a patently
retarded argument. But the point is, many people are eager to
believe it, which is why they require no proof at all when they hear
that Hitler was a veggie, and then suddenly demand reams of
supporting evidence when someone suggests he wasn't.
If
you think I'm exaggerating about the importance that anti-veggies
place on the idea that Hitler was a vegetarian, look at this
letter that someone wrote to award-winning author John Robbins, who
has written several books promoting a meatless way of eating:
“You people who say that we would all be more peaceful if we ate a vegetarian diet always seem to forget that Adolph Hitler was a vegetarian. That pretty well destroys your belief system, doesn't it? (FoodRevolution.org)
My
god, take a look at that: It pretty well destroys
your belief system?! That's how important Hitler's alleged
vegetarianism is to many non-veggies. Their belief is that if
Hitler were a vegetarian, then vegetarianism itself is completely
invalidated. Is it possible to be any more ridiculous than
this?
Thinking
people will realize that it wouldn't matter even if Hitler had been
a vegetarian. That is, it would not "pretty
well destroy [our] belief system". Bad people occasionally
make good choices. This shouldn't be so difficult to
understand. Had Hitler actually chosen to be a vegetarian, that
would simply have been one of the better choices he made. If
Hitler were fond of chess, that wouldn't invalidate chess. In
fact, one of the best players in the history of the game, Bobby
Fischer, was a raving anti-Semite, but nobody stops playing chess
because of that.
And
what if Hitler had been fond of chess? Would non-chess
players taunt those who do play the game about that? No,
because people who don't play chess generally don't give a flying
flip about whether other people play it or not. They don't feel
threatened by someone being a chess-player. But once the issue
is vegetarianism, it's a different story. This should lay bare
the motivations of those who champion the idea that Hitler didn't eat
meat.
And
of course, even if Hitler had been vegetarian, likely every
single other mass-murderer in history was not. If you were
keeping score, that would be, Vegetarian Mass Murderers:
1, and then Non-Vegetarian Mass Murderers: 100's.
And
now we come to a curious battle: Hitler
vs. Benjamin Franklin.
Franklin was a vegetarian only for about a year, from the ages of 16
to 17 (ivu.org, 08016.com),
but of course most people don't know that. If a meat-eater is
(mistakenly) told that Franklin was a vegetarian, they'll often
demand to know whether he ever ate
meat, and if it's admitted that he did, well, then that's their
"Aha!" moment. They'll triumphantly exclaim, "So
Franklin wasn't really
a vegetarian, was he?!" I'm sad to have witnessed numerous
conversations that actually went that way.
That's
important because the same people have much softer criteria for
Hitler. Franklin could have eaten meat once every four years
and his vegetarianism would be dismissed as a fraud, but if Hitler
ever ate a potato, then bang! He's vegetarian. This is important
because there are numerous accounts of Hitler eating meat throughout
his life, and incredibly this is just brushed off by those who say
Hitler was a veggie. But the standard for Franklin is different:
Franklin has to avoid meat 100% of the time, for his entire
life, from the day he's born to the day he dies,
unwaveingly, otherwise he's not really considered a
vegetarian at all. It's like if Hitler ever had a meatless meal then
he's a vegetarian while if Franklin ate fish once after sixty years
meat-free then he's not.
(To
be clear, as we said earlier, Franklin was a vegetarian only for
about a year, but most people don't know that. I'm talking about how
people have different standards for Hitler's vegetarianism vs. anyone
else's.)
So
what constitutes being a vegetarian? Most would agree that
it's a deliberate decision to not eat meat, for whatever reason. By
that criteria Franklin was a vegetarian for a about a year, and for
the rest of the time he wasn't. For Hitler, there's no compelling
evidence that he stuck with a real veggie diet for any appreciable
length of time. Multiple sources document him as eating meat
throughout the 1930's. (See below.) Shortly before his death (in 1941
and 1942) he claimed to be vegetarian, and "Hitler
was a vegetarian!" proponents have latched all over this.
Because, Hitler wouldn't ever lie, or even
exaggerate, would he? I mean, this is Hitler we're
talking about, and who on Earth would ever
question Hitler's commitment to the truth? After
all, if you can't trust Hitler, then whom can you trust?
If you were going to pick one person in the whole world whose word
you would definitely accept unquestioningly, that person would be
Hitler, right? I mean, surely we can believe that every word
that ever came out of Hitler's mouth can safely be believed to be the
absolute truth without any doubt at all, right?
Rynn
Berry adds, "To be sure, Hitler professed to be a
vegetarian..., but
the primary sources that I have cited in my book show that while he
paid lip service to vegetarianism, he was not consistent in his
practice of the diet." (source)
The
fact is, many people use the word "vegetarian" to describe
diets that aren't vegetarian at all, and Hitler's case is no
exception. An
article from May 30, 1937, 'At Home With The Fuhrer' says, "It
is well known that Hitler is a vegetarian and does not drink or
smoke. His lunch and dinner consist, therefore, for the most part of
soup, eggs, vegetables and mineral water, although he
occasionally relishes a slice of ham and
relieves the tediousness of his diet with such delicacies as caviar
..." (source) So
when Hitler says he's
a vegetarian, he's almost certainly using it in this context: He's a
"vegetarian" who eats meat. That's like someone saying,
"I'm not a bank-robber! I only do it once a month."
Still,
for those who insist that we take Hitler at his word literally about
his claiming to be a vegetarian in the 1940's, we have this gem
from The
Hitler Book, about
Hitler's daily routine in 1944: "After
midnight [Eva] would direct that there should be another light snack
of turtle soup, sandwiches, and sausages." (source)
If
Hitler was really a vegetarian, he was a sausage-eating one.
Below
are some articles which give the details about Hitler's true diet.
book, Hitler:
The Life and Death of Adolph Hitler, Payne
says that Hitler's "vegetarianism" was a "legend"
and a "fiction" invented by Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi
Minister of Propaganda. According to Payne:
"Hitler's
asceticism played an important part in the image he projected over
Germany. According to the widely believed legend, he neither smoked
nor drank, nor did he eat meat or have anything to do with women.
Only the first was true. He drank beer and diluted wine frequently,
had a special fondness for Bavarian sausages and kept a mistress, Eva
Braun… His asceticism was fiction invented by Goebbels to emphasize
his total dedication, his self-control, the distance that separated
him from other men. By this outward show of asceticism, he could
claim that he was dedicated to the service of his people. In fact he
was remarkably self-indulgent and possessed none of the instincts of
the ascetic.
While
it is true that Hitler's doctors put him on a vegetarian diet to cure
him of flatulence and a chronic stomach disorder, his
biographers such as Albert Speer, Robert Payne, John Toland, et al,
have attested to his liking for ham sausages and other cured
meats. Even Spencer says that Hitler was a vegetarian from
only 1931 on: "It would be true to say that up to 1931, he
preferred a vegetarian diet, but on some occasions would deviate from
it." He committed suicide in the bunker when he was 56 in 1945;
that would have given him 14 years as a vegetarian, but we have the
testimony to the contrary of the woman chef who was his personal cook
in Hamburg during the late 1930s - Dione Lucas. In her "Gourmet
Cooking School Cookbook," she records that his favorite dish -
the one that he customarily requested - was stuffed squab (pigeon).
"I do not mean to spoil your appetite for stuffed squab, but you
might be interested to know that it was a great favorite with Mr.
Hitler, who dined in the hotel often."
In
their efforts to discredit animal rights activists, supporters of
animal research periodically proclaim to the media that Adolf Hitler
was a vegetarian and that the Nazis did not engage in animal
research.
The
implication is that these 'revelations' suggest a sinister similarity
between Nazis and animal rights 'zealots' and serve as a warning that
animal advocates have an anti-human agenda.
But
the real story about Hitler and the Nazis is miles from the myth. One
legitimate response to such claims is that it doesn't matter whether
Hitler was a vegetarian; as Peter Singer said, "The fact that
Hitler had a nose doesn't mean we're going to cut our noses off."
Biographical
material about Hitler suggests a contradictoriness in reports about
his diet. He is often described as a vegetarian who nevertheless had
a special fondness for sausages and caviar, and sometimes ham. One of
his biographers, Robert Payne ("The Life and Death of Adolf
Hitler) took exception to the view of Hitler as an ascetic, and said
it was deliberately fostered by the Nazis to project an image of
Hitler as pure and dedicated.
Wrote
Payne: "Hitler's asceticism played an important part in the
image he projected over Germany. According to the widely believed
legend, he neither smoked nor drank, nor did he have anything to do
with women.
"Only the first was true. He drank beer and diluted wine frequently, had a special fondness for Bavarian sausages, and kept a mistress... "His asceticism was a fiction invented by (Nazi propagandist Joseph) Goebbels to emphasize his total dedication, his self-control, the distance that separated him from other men..." Biographer John Toland ("Adolf Hitler"), describes Hitler's early student diet as consisting of "milk, sausage, and bread."
Moreover,
Hitler never promoted vegetarianism as a public policy for either
health or moral reasons. His lack of policies and public support for
vegetarianism is significant in a leader who rigorously enforced
other health policies, such as anti-smoking and anti-pollution
legislation, and pregnancy and birthing measures for women.
The
rumor that the Nazis passed an anti-vivisection law is also filled
with contradictions. No such law was passed, although the Nazis
reported that such a law existed. The Nazis allegedly passed an
anti-vivisection bill in 1933.
"Lancet,"
the prestigious British medical journal, reviewed the Nazis' law in
1934 and warned anti-vivisectionists not to celebrate because the
Nazis' law was no different, in effect, from the British law that had
been passed in 1876, which restricted some animal research, but
hardly eliminated it. An enormous amount of research on animals
continued to be carried out by Nazi doctors.
The
evidence of Nazi experiments on animals is overwhelming. In "The
Dark Face of Science," author John Vyvyan summed it up
correctly:
"The experiments made on prisoners were many and diverse, but they had one thing in common: all were in continuation of or complementary to, experiments on animals. "In every instance, this antecedent scientific literature is mentioned in the evidence, and at Buchenvald and Auschwitz concentration camps, human and animal experiments were carried out simultaneously as parts of a single programme."
It
is important that the facts be known so that the myths about Hitler
and the Nazis cannot be used against the animal rights and vegetarian
movements.
Animal
rights advocates should not let these false claims appear in the
media unchallenged. The record must be set straight. Many have
claimed that the slaughter house influenced the development of the
concentration camps.
Several
writers, including Jewish Nobel
Prize laureate Isaac
Bashevis Singer,
and animal
rights groups
have drawn a comparison between the treatment
of animals and the Holocaust. The
comparison is regarded as controversial, and has been criticized by
organizations that campaign against antisemitism,
including the Anti-Defamation
League (ADL)
and the United
States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
A
character in one of Singer's stories described the treatment of
animals by humans as "an eternal Treblinka". Similarly,
the eponymous character in J.
M. Coetzee's Elizabeth
Costello compared
the Nazis' treatment of Jews to methods used by the meat
industry to
herd and slaughter cattle.The comparison began immediately after the
end of World
War II,
when Jewish writers recounted the lack of resistance by European
Jewish victims of the Holocaust, who were led to their death as
"sheep to slaughter" . When we say they are only animals we
open the ways to the Gas Chambers
"It
made me realise the slogan we'd been using, 'Never Again', was not
really about what others shouldn't do to us."